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Public Religion Research Institute. Jan. 18-22, 2017. N=1,013 adults nationwide. Margin of error ± 3.6.

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"What is your favorite sport to watch, if any: football, baseball, basketball, soccer, auto racing, or ice hockey?"

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"Do you consider yourself a fan of any particular sports teams?"

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1/18-22/17

1/14-18/15

1/8-12/14

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If fan of a sports team: "Have you ever felt that your team has been cursed?"

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1/18-22/17

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If fan of a sports team: "Have you ever prayed for God to help your team?"

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1/18-22/17

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"Now, please tell me if you completely agree, mostly agree, mostly DISagree or completely disagree with the following statements. ...

"God rewards athletes who have faith with good health and success."

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1/18-22/17

1/14-18/15

1/8-12/14

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"God plays a role in determining which team wins a sporting event."

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1/18-22/17

1/14-18/15

1/8-12/14

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"It bothers me when professional athletes make public statements about political issues."

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1/18-22/17

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"It is not appropriate for women to coach men's professional sports teams."

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1/18-22/17

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"Some athletes express their faith publicly by thanking God during or after a sporting event. Do you generally approve when athletes do this, do you disapprove, or does it not matter to you?"

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1/18-22/17

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"Do you think all kids who play sports should receive a trophy for their participation, or should only the winning players be awarded trophies?"

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1/18-22/17

Marist Poll/Marist College Center for Sports Communication. Dec. 1-9, 2016. N=585 adults nationwide who consider themselves sports fans. Margin of error ± 4.1.

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"Which one of the following was the best single sports accomplishment of the year? The Chicago Cubs winning their first World Series since 1908. U.S. Women's Gymnastics winning consecutive Olympic team gold medals. The Cleveland Cavaliers winning the NBA title for the city's first major championship since 1964. The Denver Broncos winning the Super Bowl in Peyton Manning's final NFL game. Leicester City winning the Premier League for the first time in history despite 5,000 to 1 odds against them."

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Marist Poll/Marist College Center for Sports Communication. Dec. 1-7, 2015. N=859 adults nationwide who consider themselves sports fans. Margin of error ± 3.3.

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"Which one of the following was the best single sports accomplishment of the year? The U.S. Women's Soccer team defeating Japan to win the World Cup. American Pharoah winning the Triple Crown. The Kansas City Royals winning their first World Series since 1985. The New England Patriots winning their 4th Super Bowl since 2002. The Golden State Warriors defeating the Cleveland Cavaliers for the NBA title."

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"Which one of the following stories had the biggest impact on sports this year? The scandal involving the New England Patriots and Tom Brady deflating footballs known as 'Deflategate.' The resignation of FIFA president Sepp Blatter after 14 FIFA executives were arrested for their role in a corruption scandal. The University of Missouri football team protest over campus racism that led to the resignation of the university's president. The growing concern over daily fantasy sports wagering on sites such as Draft Kings or Fan Duel."

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"Which one of the following players had the biggest impact on their sport this year? NBA player Steph Curry. NFL quarterback Tom Brady. Professional tennis player Serena Williams. Professional golfer Jordan Spieth. Professional soccer player Carli Lloyd."

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Bloomberg Politics Poll conducted by Selzer & Company. April 6-8, 2015. N=1,008 adults nationwide. Margin of error ± 3.1.

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"A national pastime is a sport considered to be a central part of the culture of a nation. In the U.S. today, do you think that sport is baseball or football?" Options rotated

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HBO Real Sports/Marist Poll. March 1-4, 2015. N=1,253 adults nationwide. Margin of error ± 2.8.

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"Top college and university men's football and basketball programs bring in a lot of money to their schools from television, merchandising, endorsements, and alumni support. Do you think student athletes in these programs should be paid for the hours they are required to spend practicing, traveling, and playing on the team, OR should not be paid given the value of their athletic scholarship and a chance to earn a college degree?"

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3/1-4/15

2/4-9/14

Bloomberg National Poll conducted by Selzer & Company. March 7-10, 2014. N=1,001 adults nationwide. Margin of error ± 3.1.

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"Within the last couple of months, two male athletes announced they are gay, a first for a professional basketball player and for a player expecting to be drafted by a National Football League team. Which of the following better fits your view of this? This is an advancement because gay athletes shouldn't have to hide their sexuality. This is unfortunate because it mixes a controversial political issue with sports. I do not care much about this kind of thing one way or the other."

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ABC News/Washington Post Poll. Feb. 27-March 2, 2014. N=1,002 adults nationwide. Margin of error ± 3.5.

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"Do you support or oppose allowing college athletes to form a union, like the professional sports unions, to negotiate their rights and working conditions?"

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"Beyond any scholarships they receive, do you support or oppose paying salaries to college athletes?"

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HBO Real Sports/Marist Poll. Feb. 4-9, 2014. N=1,197 adults nationwide. Margin of error ± 2.8.

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"Some people say that student athletes in the top college and university men's football and basketball programs are not getting paid despite the money these programs make because many of the student athletes are African American. Do you think there is a lot of truth to that, probably some, not very much, or no truth to that at all?"

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2/4-9/14

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"Which comes closer to your view? College athletes should be able to join a union so they can receive payments and benefits. College athletes should not be able to join a union since they are not employees of the college."

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2/4-9/14

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"Do you think colleges and universities with top men's football and basketball programs place too much emphasis on athletics over academics, OR strike a good balance between athletics and academics?"

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2/4-9/14

Public Religion Research Institute. Jan. 8-12, 2014. N=1,011 adults nationwide. Margin of error ± 3.1.

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"Do you consider yourself a fan of any particular sports teams?"

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1/8-12/14

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If fan of any particular team:
"Have you ever felt that your team has been cursed?"

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1/8-12/14

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If fan of any particular team:
"Have you ever prayed for God to help your team?"

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1/8-12/14

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If fan of any particular team:
"Do you have a ritual that you perform before or during games, such as wearing a favorite jersey?"

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1/8-12/14

Marist Poll. March 4-7, 2013. N=754 self-identified sports fans nationwide. Margin of error ± 3.6.

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"When recruiting and training college athletes, do you think it is a common practice or not a common practice for college sports programs to break NCAA rules?"

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"Which comes closest to your view: top college athletes who play for their college teams should get a scholarship to college and get paid a salary; should only get a scholarship; should not get a scholarship and should not be paid a salary?"

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"What about college coaches? Do you think coaches of top college sports programs should be paid more than coaches in professional sports, paid less, or paid about the same amount as coaches in professional sports?"

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"The current NCAA men's basketball tournament starts with 68 teams. Do you think this is too many, too few, or about the right number?" N=597 self-identified college basketball fans, margin of error ± 4.

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Public Religion Research Institute. Jan. 16-20, 2013. N=1,033 adults nationwide. Margin of error ± 3.5.

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"Do you think football has replaced baseball as America's national sport, or not?"

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ABC News/Washington Post Poll. April 25-29, 2012. N=1,000 adults nationwide. Margin of error ± 3.5.

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"Overall, do you have a favorable or unfavorable impression of . . . ?"

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"Professional baseball"

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"Professional basketball"

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"Professional hockey"

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"NASCAR"

Marist Poll. March 20-22, 2012. N=581 self-identified college football fans nationwide. Margin of error ± 4.

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"Do you think replacing the current Bowl Championship Series in college football with a playoff system to pick a national champion, like college basketball, is a good idea or a bad idea?"

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Fairleigh Dickinson University PublicMind. Nov. 29-Dec. 5, 2011. N=855 registered voters nationwide. Margin of error ± 3.5.

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"Let me change the topic for a moment and ask you something about casinos and gambling. Currently, betting on sports -- like football games and basketball games -- is legal only in a few states. ... How about you and your state? Do you support or oppose changing the federal law to allow sports betting in your state?"

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"Now thinking about the internet: What about online gaming/gambling? Do you support or oppose allowing casinos in your state to run betting games online -- over the internet -- for people in your state?"
Note: Half the sample asked about "gaming" and other half asked about "gambling."

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FOX News/Opinion Dynamics Poll. Aug. 21-22, 2007. N=900 registered voters nationwide. Margin of error ± 3.

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"Do you think most professional athletes are good role models for children today?"

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"Which comes closer to how you feel about the increased number of professional athletes in the news recently for their bad behavior? There are more professional athletes who behave badly these days. The number of athletes misbehaving is the same, there are just more news stories about it these days."

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"Do you think professional athletes and sports officials regularly bet on professional sporting events, or not?"

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"Which one of the following scandals do you think has done more harm to its sport? The NBA referee caught betting on basketball games. Professional football player Michael Vick who has agreed to plead guilty to illegal dog fighting charges. Professional baseball player Barry Bonds being suspected by many to be a steroid user."

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FOX News/Opinion Dynamics Poll. Aug. 21-22, 2007. N=900 registered voters nationwide. Margin of error ± 3.

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"What is your favorite spectator sport?" Open-ended

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"And what's your favorite sport to participate in?" Open-ended

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Asked of those who said they follow a sport:
"If you had to choose, which one of these sports would you say is your favorite? . . ."

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CNN/USA Today/Gallup Poll. Feb. 24-26, 2003. N=1,003 adults nationwide. Margin of error ± 3.

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"In addition to scholarships, do you think college athletes should be paid for playing on college teams, or not?"

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"Title Nine is a federal law that prohibits high schools and colleges that receive federal funds from discriminating on the basis of gender. Title Nine is most commonly invoked to ensure equal opportunities for girls and women in high school and college athletics. Do you approve or disapprove of Title Nine as it is described here?"

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"To comply with Title Nine, many schools and universities have had to cut back on resources for men's athletic programs and invest more in women's athletic programs to make the programs more equal. Do you approve or disapprove of cutting back on men's athletics to ensure equivalent athletic opportunities for women?"

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"Next, we’d like to ask you some questions about sports. What is your favorite sport to watch?"

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"What man or woman living anytime this century do you think was the greatest athlete of the century, in terms of their athletic performance?" Open-ended question.

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"Who is your favorite sports star?" Open-ended question.

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* Not in top 10

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"Which one of the following do you consider to be the greatest American male athlete of the 20th century? . . ."

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CNN/Opinion Research Corporation Poll. April 9-11, 2010. N=1,008 adults nationwide. Margin of error ± 3.

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"We'd like to get your overall opinion of some people in the news. As I read each name, please say if you have a favorable or unfavorable opinion of these people -- or if you have never heard of them. Tiger Woods."

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4/9-11/10

3/19-21/10

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12/16-20/09

Whites

Blacks

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12/2-3/09

CNN/Opinion Research Corporation Poll. March 19-21, 2010. N=1,030 adults nationwide. Margin of error ± 3.

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"As you may know, Tiger Woods will compete in the Masters in April, the first golf tournament he will play in since allegations first surfaced that he had extramarital affairs. Do you think this is an appropriate thing for Woods to do, or do you think he should wait longer before returning to professional golf?"

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3/19-21/10

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"If you had to choose, would you like to see Tiger Woods win or lose the Masters golf tournament in April?"

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3/19-21/10

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"And just your best guess: Do you think Tiger Woods will win or lose the Masters golf tournament?"

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3/19-21/10

NBC News/Wall Street Journal Poll conducted by the polling organizations of Peter Hart (D) and Bill McInturff (R). March 11, 13-14, 2010. N=approx. 500 adults nationwide. Margin of error ± 4.4.

Very
Positive

Somewhat
Positive

Neutral

Somewhat
Negative

Very
Negative

Don't Know
Name/
Not Sure

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3/11, 13-14/10

12/11-14/09

4/97

ABC News/ESPN Poll. Feb. 25-28, 2010. N=1,004 adults nationwide. Margin of error ± 3.5.

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"Are you a fan of professional golf, or not?"

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2/25-28/10

2/11-14/10

12/10-13/09

11/02

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"Overall do you have a favorable or unfavorable opinion of the professional golfer Tiger Woods?"

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